Underdeveloped countries find it difficult to break out of the labyrinth of backward development. This situation can be explained from a number of angles - such as public management, a development system adapted to social and cultural realities, a public economic development policy focused on the exploitation of natural resources, industrialization, good training and effective management of human resources.

Africa has the necessary assets for economic and social development, thanks to the wealth and natural resources available on the continent - in addition to the fertility of the land and the presence of watercourses. The aim of "Underdeveloped countries: policy adaptability: a path to social and economic development in Africa" is firstly to set out the facts based on the proposals and modes of operation that have been applied to date - and which have not produced the expected results - and secondly to propose possible solutions based on the African context - taking into account current world events and situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war.

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