Sustained Release (SR) and Controlled Release (CR) formulations represent advanced approaches in drug delivery systems designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. SR formulations release the drug at a predetermined rate, maintaining a consistent drug concentration for an extended period.

CR formulations, on the other hand, provide precise control over drug release rates and timing, adapting to physiological needs. These formulations offer significant advantages, such as reducing dosing frequency and minimizing side effects, thus improving patient adherence.

However, they also pose challenges, including complex manufacturing processes and potential dose dumping. Various factors, including the drug's physicochemical properties and biological environment, influence SR and CR formulations.

Polymers play a crucial role in these systems, providing the necessary matrix for controlled release. Understanding the mechanisms of drug delivery from SR/CR formulations is essential, involving diffusion, degradation, and osmosis processes.

The field also explores novel approaches like personalized medicine, utilizing pharmacogenetics to tailor dosage forms for individual patients, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Advances in 3D printing and bioelectronic medicines further revolutionize customized drug delivery systems, promising a future of highly efficient and patient-specific treatments.

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