Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a hallmark of osteopenia, a medical disorder in which bones have lost some density and strength but not to the degree shown in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is commonly thought to be its antecedent.

Although the risk of fractures is not as high in osteoporosis, it can be increased in osteopenia. A diagnostic technique known as a DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) is commonly used to detect bone mineral density.

This test is useful for diagnosing osteopenia, osteoporosis, or normal bone density. Factors that increase the likelihood of osteopenia include getting older, hormonal changes (such menopause in women), a personal or family history of the disease, some drugs, insufficient physical exercise, unhealthy eating habits, and underlying medical disorders that compromise bone density.

Increasing weight-bearing exercise, eating a calcium-and vitamin D-rich diet, stopping smoking, and reducing alcohol consumption are common lifestyle adjustments that are part of the treatment for osteopenia. To further enhance bone density and decrease the likelihood of fractures, certain patients may additionally be given medication.

Managing osteopenia and avoiding osteoporosis development requires early identification and treatment. .