Agroforestry, forest gardening, and food forest are all forms of sustainable land management that emulate the structure and function of natural forests through the cultivation of edible and medicinal plants, among other resources of human utility. A forest garden emulates the stratification of a forest ecosystem through the arrangement of vegetation, which consists of shrubs, vegetative plants, ground covers, root crops, and tall canopy trees.

Different layers serve distinct purposes, including but not limited to offering shade, fixing nitrogen, attracting beneficial insects, and suppressing vegetation. Fundamental forest horticulture principles include:• The presence of a diverse array of plant species in forest gardens enhances their resistance to environmental stresses, parasites, and diseases.

• Perennial Plants: Perennial plants are prioritized over annual crops due to their reduced maintenance needs and long-term contribution to soil fertility improvement. • Vertical Layering: To optimize resource utilization and spatial integration, vegetation is organized in vertical layers, wherein taller plants offer support and shade to shorter ones.

• Polyculture: In order to establish mutually beneficial relationships, various plant species are interplanted, as in the case of nitrogen-fixing legumes that are planted alongside produce trees. • The practice of mulching with organic matter and integrating plants with substantial root systems contributes to the enhancement of soil structure and fertility.

• Wildlife Habitat: Beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife that aid in pest control and pollination are provided with habitat in forest gardens. Forest gardening provides numerous benefits, including enhanced soil health, increased resilience to climate change, and decreased water consumption.

Additionally, it can reduce reliance on external inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers while providing a sustainable source of food, medicine, and other resources. .